JSFiddle - React, Tailwind, and code Playground

HTML

<div>
  <button class="btn" type="button" id="188">Кнопка 1</button>
  <div class="short-description" id="popup 188">
    <p>Элемент 1</p>
  </div>  
</div>
<div>
  <button class="btn" type="button" id="189">Кнопка 2</button>
  <div class="short-description" id="popup 189">
    <p>Элемент 2</p>
  </div>  
</div>
<div>
  <button class="btn" type="button" id="190">Кнопка 3</button>
  <div class="short-description" id="popup 190">
    <p>Элемент 3</p>
  </div>  
</div>

CSS

button{
  margin-bottom: 1em;
}
div.short-description{
	display: none;
}
div.short-description.show{
	display: block;
}

JavaScript

'use strict'
var btns = document.querySelectorAll('.btn');
Array.prototype.forEach.call(btns, function(el){
el.onclick = function(){
	this.nextElementSibling.classList.toggle('show');
}
});