JSFiddle - React, Tailwind, and code Playground
HTML
<body>
<form id="frm_nm_chx_exp" name="id_chx_exp"
action="test_bt2.html" method="post" target="_blank" >
<input type="checkbox" id="id_ass_oui"/>
<input type="hidden" id="autre"/>
<input type="submit" name="foo" value="valider"/>
</form>
</body>
JavaScript
addEventListener("load",function(){
document.querySelector("#frm_nm_chx_exp").onsubmit=function(e){
!document.getElementById('id_ass_oui').checked ? !confirm("Validez vous malgré l'absence d'assurance assurance ?") ? e.preventDefault(): false : false;
}},false)