JSFiddle - React, Tailwind, and code Playground

HTML

<input type="text" name="qtdeQuestoes" id="qtdeQuestoes" size="3" maxlength="3" style="cursor: default;" value="200">
<input type="button" style="height: 30px; cursor: default;" id="geraAleatorio" value="Gerar">

<table id="tb-questoes-selecionadas" cellspacing="1">
	<tbody>								
		<tr class="grid-table-title">
			<td align="center" style="background-color: #e5e5e5;">Nome</td>		
			<td align="center" style="background-color: #e5e5e5;">Qtde</td>									
		</tr>
		<tr class="trRemove">
            <td class="td-center-center">RUBRA</td>
            <td class="td-center-center">	
                <input type="text" maxlength="3" rel="146" name="D" id="146D" value="0" class="qtdeAssunto cadeadoaberto" style="width:30px;">
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr class="trRemove">
                <td class="td-center-center">INDIGA</td>
                <td class="td-center-center">	<input type="text" maxlength="3" rel="2824" name="A" id="2824A" value="0" class="qtdeAssunto cadeadoaberto" style="width:30px;">  </td>
        </tr>
            <tr class="trRemove">
            <td class="td-center-center">FULVA</td>
            <td class="td-center-center">	
                <input type="text" maxlength="3" rel="146" name="D" id="146D" value="0" class="qtdeAssunto cadeadoaberto" style="width:30px;">
            </td>
        </tr>
                <tr class="trRemove">
            <td class="td-center-center">INDUBRA</td>
            <td class="td-center-center">	
                <input type="text" maxlength="3" rel="146" name="D" id="146D" value="0" class="qtdeAssunto cadeadoaberto" style="width:30px;">
            </td>
        </tr>
                    <tr class="trRemove">
            <td class="td-center-center">BROLVA</td>
            <td class="td-center-center">	
                <input type="text" maxlength="3" rel="146" name="D" id="146D" value="0" class="qtdeAssunto cadeadoaberto" style="width:30px;">
            </td>
        </tr>
                       ...

JavaScript

var limiteQuestoes = 200;

$("#geraAleatorio").click(function(){
		var colunasAbertas = $("#tb-questoes-selecionadas").find(".qtdeAssunto.cadeadoaberto");
    
        var totalCampos = colunasAbertas.length;
		
		var rand = new Array();
		var randFinal = new Array();
        var qtde = parseInt($("#qtdeQuestoes").val());

		if(qtde <= limiteQuestoes){		
			var qtdeQuestoes = qtde;		
		}else{
			alert("A quantidade máxima é " + limiteQuestoes + "!");
			var qtdeQuestoes = limiteQuestoes;
			$("#qtdeQuestoes").val(limiteQuestoes);
		}	
		
		if(qtdeQuestoes >= totalCampos){
		
			rand.push(0);
			rand.push(parseInt(qtdeQuestoes));
			
			// Gero números random de 0-Valor no input
			while(rand.length <= totalCampos){		
				var valorGerado = 1 + Math.floor(Math.random() * qtdeQuestoes);
				
				if(jQuery.inArray( valorGerado, rand ) == -1){			
					rand.push(valorGerado);
				}
			}
			
			rand.sort(function(a,b){return a-b});
			
			$.each(rand, function(index, value){		
				valor = rand[parseInt(index + 1)] - parseInt(value);
				if(valor > 0){
					randFinal.push(valor);
				}
			});
			
			colunasAbertas.each(function(index, value){
				$(value).val(randFinal[index]);
			});
		
		}else{
			alert("O número de questões não pode ser menor que a quantidade de linhas.");
		}
				
	});