JSFiddle - React, Tailwind, and code Playground

HTML

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/css/bootstrap.min.css">
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.2.4.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.6/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<table>
<tr>
  <td data-show="nome">
    nome1
  </td>
  <td data-show="telefone">
    telefone1
  </td>
  <td data-show="email">
    email1
  </td>
  <td data-show="endereco">
    endereço1
  </td>
  <td class="edit"><button class="btn btn-xs btn-primary">Editar</button>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td data-show="nome">
    nome2
  </td>
  <td data-show="telefone">
    telefone2
  </td>
  <td data-show="email">
    email2
  </td>
  <td data-show="endereco">
    endereço2
  </td>
  <td class="edit"><button class="btn btn-xs btn-primary">Editar</button>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td data-show="nome">
    nome3
  </td>
  <td data-show="telefone">
    telefone3
  </td>
  <td data-show="email">
    email3
  </td>
  <td data-show="endereco">
    endereço3
  </td>
  <td class="edit"><button class="btn btn-xs btn-primary">Editar</button>
  </td>
</tr>

</table>

<div id="myModal" class="modal fade" role="dialog">
  <div class="modal-dialog">
<div class="modal-content">
        <div class="modal-header">
          <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal">&times;</button>
          <h4 class="modal-title">Modal Header</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="modal-body">
          <form method="POST">
             nome
             <input name="nome" type="text">
             <br>
             telefone
             <input name="telefone" type="text">
             <br>
             email
             <input name="email" type="text">
             <br>
             endereço 
             <input name="endereco" type="text">
             <br>
             <input type="submit">
          </form>
        </div>
        <div class="modal-footer">
          <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
...

CSS

td {
  min-width: 100px;
}
.edit {
  cursor:pointer;
}

JavaScript

$('.edit').on('click', function(){
      var dados = $(this).parent().children(); // selecionamos todos os irmãos ('td')
      dados.each(function() {
          console.log($(this).data('show'));
          // relacionaos o valor de dada-show de cada um com o nome dos inputs do form e definimos o valor destes como sendo o texto dentro das ('td')
          $('#myModal input[name="' +$(this).data('show')+ '"]').val($(this).text());
      });
      $('#myModal').modal('show');
});