JSFiddle - React, Tailwind, and code Playground

HTML

Escolha um numero
<input type="number" id="escolha" />
<button type="button">Submeter</button>

JavaScript

var table = ['<table><tr><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td></tr><tr><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>13</td><td>14</td><td>15</td></tr><tr><td>16</td><td>17</td><td>18</td><td>19</td><td>20</td></tr></table>'];

var div = document.createElement('div');
div.innerHTML = table;



var input = document.getElementById('escolha');
var button = document.querySelector('button');
NodeList.prototype.filter = Array.prototype.filter;

button.onclick = function () {
    var value = input.value || 0;
    var tds = div.querySelectorAll('td');
    var match = tds.filter(function (td) {
        return td.innerHTML == value;
    });
    var resultado = match && match[0].parentNode;
    alert(resultado.innerHTML);
}