Edit in JSFiddle

<h3>liじゃないところにカウントバブルを表示させたい</h3>

<ul data-role="listview" id="sample_ul" data-count-theme="b">
    <li><span>aaa</span><span class="ui-li-count">3</span></li>
    <li><span>bbb</span><span class="ui-li-count">33</span></li>
    <li><span>ccc</span><span class="ui-li-count">333333</span></li>
</ul>

<table data-role="table" data-mode="columntoggle" id="sample_t" class="table-stroke">
    <thead>
        <tr><th>aaa</th><th>bbb</th><th>ccc</th></tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td><span class="ui-btn-up-b ui-btn-corner-all">3</span></td>
            <td><span class="ui-btn-up-b ui-btn-corner-all">33</span></td>
            <td><span class="ui-btn-up-b ui-btn-corner-all">333333</span></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>

h3 {margin-top:50px}

td span {
    padding: .2em .5em;
}