JSFiddle - React, Tailwind, and code Playground

HTML

<div id="hello" class="color-red color-brown foo bar"></div>

JavaScript

var begin = 'color-';

function removeClassStartingWith(node, begin) {
    node.removeClass (function (index, className) {
        return (className.match ( new RegExp("\\b"+begin+"\\S+", "g") ) || []).join(' ');
    });
}

removeClassStartingWith($('#hello'), 'color-r');

console.log($("#hello")[0].className);