Edit in JSFiddle

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

  <head>
    <style>
      body {}

      #container {
        top: 10%;
        left: 10%;
        width: 300px;
        height: 300px;
        border: 1px solid red;
        border-radius: 50%;
        position: absolute;
      }

      #pointer {
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        left: 150px;
				width: 20px;
				height: 20px;
				border-radius: 50%;
				background-color: black;
      }

    </style>
  </head>

  <body>
    <div id='container'>
      <div id='pointer'></div>
    </div>
    <script>
      var distance = 0;

      function circle($w_rad, $h_rad, $angle) {
        var temp_x = $w_rad * Math.cos($angle);
        var temp_y = $h_rad * Math.sin($angle);
        var point = new Object();
        point.x = temp_x;
        point.y = temp_y;
        return point;
      }
			
			// id: 움직일 엘리먼트 아이디
			// cx, cy: 원의 중심점
			// w_rad, h_rad: 원의 가로 세로 반지름
      function display($id, $cx, $cy, $w_rad, $h_rad) {
        const degree = distance-90; // 12시 방향부터 시작
        const radian = degree * Math.PI / 180;
        const point = circle($w_rad, $h_rad, radian);
        const x = Math.floor(point.x + $cx);
        const y = Math.floor(point.y + $cy);
				const pointer = document.querySelector(`#${$id}`);
				let pw = pointer.clientWidth/2; // 엘리먼트의 중심점x
				let ph = pointer.clientHeight/2; // 엘리먼트의 중심점y
        pointer.style.left = x - pw + "px";
        pointer.style.top = y - ph + "px";
        console.log(x, y);
      }
      setInterval(function() {
        display('pointer', 150, 150, 150, 150);
        distance += 5;
      }, 100);

    </script>
  </body>
</html>