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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Rodent</h1>
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<table style="text-align: left; width: 200px" class="infobox biota">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)" colspan="2">Rodents<br>
<small>Temporal range: Early Paleocene–Recent</small>
<div style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;" id="Timeline-row">
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.46153846154px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background:rgb(254,217,106); background-color: rgba(254,217,106,0); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(254,217,106,0), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(254,217,106,0)), to(rgba(254,217,106,1)), color-stop(15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)));"><small><a title="Precambrian" href="/wiki/Precambrian">PreЄ</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:36.553846153846px; width:18.175384615385px;"><small><a title="Cambrian" href="/wiki/Cambrian">Є</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:54.729230769231px; width:15.095384615385px;"><small><a title="Ordovician" href="/wiki/Ordovician">O</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.824615384615px; width:9.3753846153846px;"><small><a title="Silurian" href="/wiki/Silurian">S</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:79.2px; width:19.224615384615px;"><small><a title="Devonian" href="/wiki/Devonian">D</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.424615384615px; width:20.375384615385px;"><small><a title="Carboniferous" href="/wiki/Carboniferous">C</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,60); left:118.8px; width:16.246153846154px;"><small><a title="Permian" href="/wiki/Permian">P</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:135.04615384615px; width:17.396923076923px;"><small><a title="Triassic" href="/wiki/Triassic">T</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:152.44307692308px; width:18.310769230769px;"><small><a title="Jurassic" href="/wiki/Jurassic">J</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.75384615385px; width:27.076923076923px;"><small><a title="Cretaceous" href="/wiki/Cretaceous">K</a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.83076923077px; width:14.374461538462px;"><small><a title="Paleogene" href="/wiki/Paleogene"><small>Pg</small></a></small></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a title="Neogene" href="/wiki/Neogene"><small>N</small></a></div>
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<div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;">
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</th>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align: center" colspan="2"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Indian_Palm_Squirrel_Portrait.jpg"><img height="375" width="250" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Indian_Palm_Squirrel_Portrait.jpg/250px-Indian_Palm_Squirrel_Portrait.jpg" alt=""></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" colspan="2"><a title="Indian Palm Squirrel" href="/wiki/Indian_Palm_Squirrel">Indian Palm Squirrel</a> (<i>Funambulus palmarum</i>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)" colspan="2"><a title="Biological classification" href="/wiki/Biological_classification">Scientific classification</a></th>
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<td>Kingdom:</td>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;" class="kingdom"><a title="Animal" href="/wiki/Animal">Animalia</a></span></td>
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<tr>
<td>Phylum:</td>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;" class="phylum"><a class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata" href="/wiki/Chordata">Chordata</a></span></td>
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<td>Class:</td>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;" class="class"><a title="Mammal" href="/wiki/Mammal">Mammalia</a></span></td>
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<td>Infraclass:</td>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;" class="infraclass"><a title="Eutheria" href="/wiki/Eutheria">Eutheria</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Magnorder:</td>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;" class="magnorder"><a title="Boreoeutheria" href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></span></td>
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<tr>
<td>Superorder:</td>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;" class="superorder"><a title="Euarchontoglires" href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:</td>
<td><span style="white-space:nowrap;" class="order"><b>Rodentia</b></span><br>
<small><a title="Thomas Edward Bowdich" href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Bowdich">Bowdich</a>, 1821</small></td>
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<th style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,164)" colspan="2">Suborders</th>
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<td style="text-align: left" colspan="2">
<p><a title="Sciuromorpha" href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a><br>
<a title="Castorimorpha" href="/wiki/Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a><br>
<a title="Myomorpha" href="/wiki/Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a><br>
<a title="Anomaluromorpha" href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a><br>
<a title="Hystricomorpha" href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a></p>
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</div>
<p><b>Rodentia</b> is an <a title="Order (biology)" href="/wiki/Order_(biology)">order</a> of <a title="Mammal" href="/wiki/Mammal">mammals</a> also known as <b>rodents</b>, characterised by two continuously growing <a class="mw-redirect" title="Incisors" href="/wiki/Incisors#The_Rodent_incisor">incisors</a> in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rodent-encyclopedia_0-0"><a href="#cite_note-rodent-encyclopedia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Forty percent of mammal species are rodents, and they are found in vast numbers on all continents other than <a title="Antarctica" href="/wiki/Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Common rodents include <a title="Mouse" href="/wiki/Mouse">mice</a>, <a title="Rat" href="/wiki/Rat">rats</a>, <a title="Squirrel" href="/wiki/Squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a title="Porcupine" href="/wiki/Porcupine">porcupines</a>, <a title="Beaver" href="/wiki/Beaver">beavers</a>, <a title="Chipmunk" href="/wiki/Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>, <a title="Guinea pig" href="/wiki/Guinea_pig">guinea pigs</a>, and <a title="Vole" href="/wiki/Vole">voles</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rodent-encyclopedia_0-1"><a href="#cite_note-rodent-encyclopedia-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Rodents have sharp incisors that they use to gnaw wood, break into food, and bite predators. Most eat seeds or plants, though some have more varied diets. Some species have historically been <a title="Pest (organism)" href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)">pests</a>, eating seeds stored by people<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> and spreading disease<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p>
<p>The name comes from the <a title="Latin" href="/wiki/Latin">Latin</a> word <i>rodens</i>, "gnawing one" (from the verb <i>rodere</i>, "gnaw").</p>
<table class="toc" id="toc">
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<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Size_and_range_of_order"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Size and range of order</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Evolution"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Evolution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Standard_classification"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Standard classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Alternative_classifications"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative classifications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Monophyly_or_polyphyly.3F"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Monophyly or polyphyly?</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Size and range of order" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=1">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Size_and_range_of_order" class="mw-headline">Size and range of order</span></h2>
<p>In terms of number of <a title="Species" href="/wiki/Species">species</a>—although not necessarily in terms of number of organisms (population) or <a title="Biomass (ecology)" href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)">biomass</a>—rodents make up the largest order of mammals. There are about 2,277 <a title="Species" href="/wiki/Species">species</a> of rodents (Wilson and Reeder, 2005), with over 40 percent of mammalian species belonging to the order.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Their success is probably due to their small size, short breeding cycle, and ability to gnaw and eat a wide variety of foods. (Lambert, 2000)</p>
<p>Rodents are found in vast numbers on all continents except Antarctica, most islands, and in all habitats except oceans. They are the only <a class="mw-redirect" title="Flying animals" href="/wiki/Flying_animals">non-volant</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Marine mammals" href="/wiki/Marine_mammals">non-marine</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Placentalia" href="/wiki/Placentalia">placental</a> order—and in particular are the only placental order besides <a title="Bat" href="/wiki/Bat">bats</a> (Chiroptera) and <a title="Pinniped" href="/wiki/Pinniped">Pinnipeds</a>—to have reached <a title="Australia" href="/wiki/Australia">Australia</a> without human introduction.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Characteristics" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Characteristics" class="mw-headline">Characteristics</span></h2>
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<div style="width:222px;" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Bristol.zoo.capybara.arp.jpg"><img class="thumbimage" height="178" width="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bristol.zoo.capybara.arp.jpg/220px-Bristol.zoo.capybara.arp.jpg" alt=""></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Bristol.zoo.capybara.arp.jpg"><img alt="" height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"></a></div>
The <a title="Capybara" href="/wiki/Capybara">capybara</a>, the largest living rodent, can weigh up to 65 kg (140 lb).</div>
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<p>Many rodents are small; the tiny <a class="mw-redirect" title="African pygmy mouse" href="/wiki/African_pygmy_mouse">African pygmy mouse</a> can be as little as 6 cm (2.4 in) in length and 7 g (0.25 oz) in weight at maturity, and the <a title="Baluchistan Pygmy Jerboa" href="/wiki/Baluchistan_Pygmy_Jerboa">Baluchistan Pygmy Jerboa</a> is of roughly similar or slightly smaller dimensions. On the other hand, the <a title="Capybara" href="/wiki/Capybara">capybara</a> can weigh up to 80 kg (180 lb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>, and the largest known rodent, the extinct <i><a title="Josephoartigasia monesi" href="/wiki/Josephoartigasia_monesi">Josephoartigasia monesi</a></i>, is estimated to have weighed about 1,000 kg (2,200 lb), and possibly up to 1,534 kg (3,380 lb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Millien_6-0"><a href="#cite_note-Millien-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> or 2,586 kg (5,700 lb)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rinderknecht_7-0"><a href="#cite_note-Rinderknecht-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p>
<p>Rodents have two <a title="Incisor" href="/wiki/Incisor">incisors</a> in the upper as well as in the lower <a title="Jaw" href="/wiki/Jaw">jaw</a> which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing; this is the origin of the name, from the <a title="Latin" href="/wiki/Latin">Latin</a> <i>rodere</i>, to gnaw<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EoDP_8-0"><a href="#cite_note-EoDP-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup>. These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. The teeth have <a title="Tooth enamel" href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel">enamel</a> on the outside and exposed <a class="mw-redirect" title="Dentine" href="/wiki/Dentine">dentine</a> on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. Rodents lack <a title="Canine tooth" href="/wiki/Canine_tooth">canines</a>, and have a space between their <a title="Incisor" href="/wiki/Incisor">incisors</a> and <a title="Premolar" href="/wiki/Premolar">premolars</a>. Nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or fish. Some squirrels are known to eat <a title="Passerine" href="/wiki/Passerine">passerine</a> <a title="Bird" href="/wiki/Bird">birds</a> like <a title="Cardinal (bird)" href="/wiki/Cardinal_(bird)">cardinals</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Blue jay" href="/wiki/Blue_jay">blue jays</a>.</p>
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<div style="width:222px;" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Gnagarnas_tandsystem,_Nordisk_familjebok.png"><img class="thumbimage" height="184" width="220" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Gnagarnas_tandsystem%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" alt=""></a>
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Typical rodent tooth system</div>
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<p>Rodents are important in many ecosystems because they reproduce rapidly, and can function as food sources for predators, mechanisms for <a title="Seed dispersal" href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal">seed dispersal</a>, and as <a title="Vector (epidemiology)" href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)">disease vectors</a>. Humans use rodents as a source of <a title="Fur" href="/wiki/Fur">fur</a>, as pets, as <a title="Model organism" href="/wiki/Model_organism">model organisms</a> in animal testing, for food, and even for detecting <a title="Land mine" href="/wiki/Land_mine">landmines</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Members of non-rodent orders such as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera" href="/wiki/Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a> (bats), <a class="mw-redirect" title="Scandentia" href="/wiki/Scandentia">Scandentia</a> (<a title="Treeshrew" href="/wiki/Treeshrew">treeshrews</a>), <a title="Soricomorpha" href="/wiki/Soricomorpha">Soricomorpha</a> (<a title="Shrew" href="/wiki/Shrew">shrews</a> and <a title="Mole (animal)" href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)">moles</a>), <a title="Lagomorpha" href="/wiki/Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a> (<a title="Hare" href="/wiki/Hare">hares</a>, <a title="Rabbit" href="/wiki/Rabbit">rabbits</a> and <a title="Pika" href="/wiki/Pika">pikas</a>) and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelid" href="/wiki/Mustelid">mustelid</a> <a title="Carnivora" href="/wiki/Carnivora">carnivores</a> such as <a title="Weasel" href="/wiki/Weasel">weasels</a> and <a title="Mink" href="/wiki/Mink">mink</a> are sometimes confused with rodents.</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Evolution" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=3">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Evolution" class="mw-headline">Evolution</span></h2>
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<i>Masillamys sp.</i> fossil from the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Messel Pit fossil site" href="/wiki/Messel_Pit_fossil_site">Messel Pit fossil site</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The <a title="Fossil" href="/wiki/Fossil">fossil</a> record of rodent-like mammals begins shortly after the extinction of the non-avian <a title="Dinosaur" href="/wiki/Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> 65 million years ago, as early as the <a title="Paleocene" href="/wiki/Paleocene">Paleocene</a>. Some <a title="Molecular clock" href="/wiki/Molecular_clock">molecular clock</a> data, however, suggest that modern rodents (members of the order Rodentia) already appeared in the late <a title="Cretaceous" href="/wiki/Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, although other molecular divergence estimations are in agreement with the fossil record.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Douzery03_10-0"><a href="#cite_note-Douzery03-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Horneretal_11-0"><a href="#cite_note-Horneretal-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> By the end of the <a title="Eocene" href="/wiki/Eocene">Eocene</a> epoch, relatives of beavers, <a title="Dormouse" href="/wiki/Dormouse">dormice</a>, squirrels, and other groups appeared in the fossil record. They originated in <a title="Laurasia" href="/wiki/Laurasia">Laurasia</a>, the supercontinent composed of today's <a title="North America" href="/wiki/North_America">North America</a>, <a title="Europe" href="/wiki/Europe">Europe</a>, and Asia. Some species colonized <a title="Africa" href="/wiki/Africa">Africa</a>, giving rise to the earliest <a title="Hystricognathi" href="/wiki/Hystricognathi">hystricognaths</a>. From Africa hystricognaths <a title="Rafting event" href="/wiki/Rafting_event">rafted</a> to <a title="South America" href="/wiki/South_America">South America</a>, an isolated <a title="Continent" href="/wiki/Continent">continent</a> during the <a title="Oligocene" href="/wiki/Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and <a title="Miocene" href="/wiki/Miocene">Miocene</a> epochs. By the <a title="Miocene" href="/wiki/Miocene">Miocene</a>, Africa collided with Asia, allowing rodents such as <a title="Porcupine" href="/wiki/Porcupine">porcupines</a> to spread into <a title="Eurasia" href="/wiki/Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. During the <a title="Pliocene" href="/wiki/Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, rodent fossils appeared in Australia. Although <a title="Marsupial" href="/wiki/Marsupial">marsupials</a> are the most prominent mammals in Australia, rodents now make up almost 25% of the continent's mammal species. Meanwhile, the Americas <a title="Isthmus of Panama" href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama">became joined</a> and some rodents <a title="Great American Interchange" href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange">expanded into new territory</a>; <a title="Sigmodontinae" href="/wiki/Sigmodontinae">sigmodontines</a> surged southward and <a title="Caviomorpha" href="/wiki/Caviomorpha">caviomorphs</a> headed north.</p>
<dl>
<dt>Some Prehistoric Rodents</dt>
<dd><i><a title="Castoroides" href="/wiki/Castoroides">Castoroides</a></i>, a giant <a title="Beaver" href="/wiki/Beaver">beaver</a></dd>
<dd><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratogaulus" href="/wiki/Ceratogaulus">Ceratogaulus</a></i>, a horned burrowing rodent</dd>
<dd><i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Spelaeomys" href="/wiki/Spelaeomys">Spelaeomys</a></i>, a rat that grew to a large size on the island of <a title="Flores" href="/wiki/Flores">Flores</a></dd>
<dd><a title="Giant hutia" href="/wiki/Giant_hutia">Giant hutias</a>, a group of rodents once found in the <a class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies" href="/wiki/West_Indies">West Indies</a></dd>
<dd><i><a title="Ischyromys" href="/wiki/Ischyromys">Ischyromys</a></i>, a primitive <a title="Squirrel" href="/wiki/Squirrel">squirrel</a>-like rodent</dd>
<dd><i><a title="Leithia (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Leithia&action=edit&redlink=1">Leithia</a></i>, a giant <a title="Dormouse" href="/wiki/Dormouse">dormouse</a></dd>
<dd><i><a title="Neochoerus pinckneyi" href="/wiki/Neochoerus_pinckneyi">Neochoerus pinckneyi</a></i>, a large North American <a title="Capybara" href="/wiki/Capybara">capybara</a> that weighed 100 kg (220 lb)</dd>
<dd><i><a title="Josephoartigasia monesi" href="/wiki/Josephoartigasia_monesi">Josephoartigasia monesi</a></i>, the largest known rodent, with an estimated weight of very roughly 1,000 kg (2,200 lb)</dd>
<dd><i><a title="Phoberomys pattersoni" href="/wiki/Phoberomys_pattersoni">Phoberomys pattersoni</a></i>, the second largest known rodent, with an estimated weight of 700 kg (1,500 lb)</dd>
<dd><i><a title="Telicomys" href="/wiki/Telicomys">Telicomys</a></i>, another giant South American rodent</dd>
</dl>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Classification" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=4">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Classification" class="mw-headline">Classification</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div style="width:302px;" class="thumbinner"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Rodent_species_pie_chart.png"><img class="thumbimage" height="235" width="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Rodent_species_pie_chart.png/300px-Rodent_species_pie_chart.png" alt=""></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a title="Enlarge" class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Rodent_species_pie_chart.png"><img alt="" height="11" width="15" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"></a></div>
2/3 of rodent species are in the superfamily <a title="Muroidea" href="/wiki/Muroidea">Muroidea</a> (rats, mice, and related species). The families <a title="Muridae" href="/wiki/Muridae">Muridae</a> (blue) and <a title="Cricetidae" href="/wiki/Cricetidae">Cricetidae</a> (red) make up the bulk of the Muroidea.</div>
</div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Standard classification" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=5">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Standard_classification" class="mw-headline">Standard classification</span></h3>
<p>The rodents are part of the <a title="Clade" href="/wiki/Clade">clades</a> <a title="Glires" href="/wiki/Glires">Glires</a> (along with <a title="Lagomorpha" href="/wiki/Lagomorpha">lagomorphs</a>), <a title="Euarchontoglires" href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a> (along with <a title="Lagomorpha" href="/wiki/Lagomorpha">lagomorphs</a>, <a title="Primate" href="/wiki/Primate">primates</a>, <a title="Treeshrew" href="/wiki/Treeshrew">treeshrews</a>, and <a title="Colugo" href="/wiki/Colugo">colugos</a>), and <a title="Boreoeutheria" href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a> (along with most other <a title="Eutheria" href="/wiki/Eutheria">placental</a> <a title="Mammal" href="/wiki/Mammal">mammals</a>). The order Rodentia may be divided into <a class="mw-redirect" title="Suborder" href="/wiki/Suborder">suborders</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Infraorder" href="/wiki/Infraorder">infraorders</a>, <a title="Taxonomic rank" href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank">superfamilies</a> and <a title="Family (biology)" href="/wiki/Family_(biology)">families</a>.</p>
<p>Classification scheme:</p>
<p><b>ORDER RODENTIA</b> (from Latin, <i>rodere,</i> to gnaw)</p>
<ul>
<li>Suborder <a title="Anomaluromorpha" href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a>
<dl>
<dd>
<dl>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Anomaluridae" href="/wiki/Anomaluridae">Anomaluridae</a>: scaly-tailed squirrels</li>
<li>Family <a title="Pedetidae" href="/wiki/Pedetidae">Pedetidae</a>: springhares</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>Suborder <a title="Castorimorpha" href="/wiki/Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a>
<dl>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Superfamily <a class="mw-redirect" title="Castoroidea" href="/wiki/Castoroidea">Castoroidea</a>
<ul>
<li>Family <a title="Castoridae" href="/wiki/Castoridae">Castoridae</a>: <a title="Beaver" href="/wiki/Beaver">beavers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Superfamily <a title="Geomyoidea" href="/wiki/Geomyoidea">Geomyoidea</a>
<ul>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Geomyidae" href="/wiki/Geomyidae">Geomyidae</a>: pocket gophers (true gophers)</li>
<li>Family <a title="Heteromyidae" href="/wiki/Heteromyidae">Heteromyidae</a>: <a title="Kangaroo rat" href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rat">kangaroo rats</a> and <a title="Kangaroo mouse" href="/wiki/Kangaroo_mouse">kangaroo mice</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>Suborder <a title="Hystricomorpha" href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a>
<dl>
<dd>
<dl>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Family <i>incertae sedis</i> <a title="Diatomyidae" href="/wiki/Diatomyidae">Diatomyidae</a>: Laotian rock rat</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<ul>
<li>Infraorder <a title="Ctenodactylomorphi (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Ctenodactylomorphi&action=edit&redlink=1">Ctenodactylomorphi</a>
<dl>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenodactylidae" href="/wiki/Ctenodactylidae">Ctenodactylidae</a>: gundis</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>Infraorder <a title="Hystricognathi" href="/wiki/Hystricognathi">Hystricognathi</a>
<dl>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyergidae" href="/wiki/Bathyergidae">Bathyergidae</a>: African mole rats</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Hystricidae" href="/wiki/Hystricidae">Hystricidae</a>: Old World porcupines</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Petromuridae" href="/wiki/Petromuridae">Petromuridae</a>: dassie rat</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Thryonomyidae" href="/wiki/Thryonomyidae">Thryonomyidae</a>: cane rats</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<ul>
<li>Parvorder <a title="Caviomorpha" href="/wiki/Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha</a>
<ul>
<li>Family †<a class="mw-redirect" title="Heptaxodontidae" href="/wiki/Heptaxodontidae">Heptaxodontidae</a>: giant hutias</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Abrocomidae" href="/wiki/Abrocomidae">Abrocomidae</a>: chinchilla rats</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Capromyidae" href="/wiki/Capromyidae">Capromyidae</a>: hutias</li>
<li>Family <a title="Caviidae" href="/wiki/Caviidae">Caviidae</a>: cavies, including <a title="Guinea pig" href="/wiki/Guinea_pig">guinea pigs</a> and the <a title="Capybara" href="/wiki/Capybara">capybara</a></li>
<li>Family <a title="Chinchillidae" href="/wiki/Chinchillidae">Chinchillidae</a>: <a title="Chinchilla" href="/wiki/Chinchilla">chinchillas</a> and <a title="Viscacha" href="/wiki/Viscacha">Viscachas</a></li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenomyidae" href="/wiki/Ctenomyidae">Ctenomyidae</a>: <a title="Tuco-tuco" href="/wiki/Tuco-tuco">tuco-tucos</a></li>
<li>Family <a title="Dasyproctidae" href="/wiki/Dasyproctidae">Dasyproctidae</a>: agoutis</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Cuniculidae" href="/wiki/Cuniculidae">Cuniculidae</a>: pacas</li>
<li>Family <a title="Dinomyidae" href="/wiki/Dinomyidae">Dinomyidae</a>: pacaranas</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Echimyidae" href="/wiki/Echimyidae">Echimyidae</a>: spiny rats</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Erethizontidae" href="/wiki/Erethizontidae">Erethizontidae</a>: New World porcupines</li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Myocastoridae" href="/wiki/Myocastoridae">Myocastoridae</a>: nutria, coypu</li>
<li>Family <a title="Octodontidae" href="/wiki/Octodontidae">Octodontidae</a>: octodonts</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Suborder <a title="Myomorpha" href="/wiki/Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a>
<dl>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Superfamily <a title="Dipodoidea" href="/wiki/Dipodoidea">Dipodoidea</a>
<ul>
<li>Family <a title="Dipodidae" href="/wiki/Dipodidae">Dipodidae</a>: jerboas and jumping mice</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Superfamily <a title="Muroidea" href="/wiki/Muroidea">Muroidea</a>
<ul>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Calomyscidae" href="/wiki/Calomyscidae">Calomyscidae</a>: mouse-like hamsters</li>
<li>Family <a title="Cricetidae" href="/wiki/Cricetidae">Cricetidae</a>: <a title="Hamster" href="/wiki/Hamster">hamsters</a>, <a title="New World rats and mice" href="/wiki/New_World_rats_and_mice">New World rats and mice</a>, <a title="Vole" href="/wiki/Vole">voles</a></li>
<li>Family <a title="Muridae" href="/wiki/Muridae">Muridae</a>: true <a title="Mouse" href="/wiki/Mouse">mice</a> and <a title="Rat" href="/wiki/Rat">rats</a>, <a title="Gerbil" href="/wiki/Gerbil">gerbils</a>, spiny mice, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Crested rat" href="/wiki/Crested_rat">crested rat</a></li>
<li>Family <a title="Nesomyidae" href="/wiki/Nesomyidae">Nesomyidae</a>: climbing mice, rock mice, white-tailed rat, Malagasy rats and mice</li>
<li>Family <a title="Platacanthomyidae" href="/wiki/Platacanthomyidae">Platacanthomyidae</a>: spiny dormice</li>
<li>Family <a title="Spalacidae" href="/wiki/Spalacidae">Spalacidae</a>: mole rats, bamboo rats, and <a title="Zokor" href="/wiki/Zokor">zokors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>Suborder <a title="Sciuromorpha" href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a>
<dl>
<dd>
<dl>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Aplodontiidae" href="/wiki/Aplodontiidae">Aplodontiidae</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain beaver" href="/wiki/Mountain_beaver">mountain beaver</a></li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gliridae" href="/wiki/Gliridae">Gliridae</a> (also Myoxidae, Muscardinidae): <a title="Dormouse" href="/wiki/Dormouse">dormice</a></li>
<li>Family <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuridae" href="/wiki/Sciuridae">Sciuridae</a>: <a title="Squirrel" href="/wiki/Squirrel">squirrels</a>, including <a title="Chipmunk" href="/wiki/Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>, <a title="Prairie dog" href="/wiki/Prairie_dog">prairie dogs</a>, & <a title="Marmot" href="/wiki/Marmot">marmots</a></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Alternative classifications" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=6">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Alternative_classifications" class="mw-headline">Alternative classifications</span></h3>
<p>The above <a title="Taxonomy" href="/wiki/Taxonomy">taxonomy</a> uses the shape of the <a title="Mandible" href="/wiki/Mandible">lower jaw</a> (<a title="Sciurognathi" href="/wiki/Sciurognathi">sciurognath</a> or <a title="Hystricognathi" href="/wiki/Hystricognathi">hystricognath</a>) as the primary character. This is the most commonly used approach for dividing the <a title="Order (biology)" href="/wiki/Order_(biology)">order</a> into <a class="mw-redirect" title="Suborders" href="/wiki/Suborders">suborders</a>. Many older references emphasize the <a title="Zygomasseteric system" href="/wiki/Zygomasseteric_system">zygomasseteric system</a> (suborders <a title="Protrogomorpha (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Protrogomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1">Protrogomorpha</a>, <a title="Sciuromorpha" href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a>, <a title="Hystricomorpha" href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a>, and <a title="Myomorpha" href="/wiki/Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a>).</p>
<p>Several <a class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny" href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies have used <a title="Gene" href="/wiki/Gene">gene</a> sequences to determine the relationships among rodents, but these studies are yet to produce a single consistent and <a title="Statistical support (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_support&action=edit&redlink=1">well-supported</a> <a title="Taxonomy" href="/wiki/Taxonomy">taxonomy</a>. Some <a title="Clade" href="/wiki/Clade">clades</a> have been consistently produced such as:</p>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenohystrica" href="/wiki/Ctenohystrica">Ctenohystrica</a> contains:
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenodactylidae" href="/wiki/Ctenodactylidae">Ctenodactylidae</a> (gundis)</li>
<li><a title="Hystricognathi" href="/wiki/Hystricognathi">Hystricognathi</a> containing:
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Hystricidae" href="/wiki/Hystricidae">Hystricidae</a></li>
<li>An unnamed <a title="Clade" href="/wiki/Clade">clade</a> containing:
<ul>
<li><a title="Phiomorpha" href="/wiki/Phiomorpha">Phiomorpha</a></li>
<li><a title="Caviomorpha" href="/wiki/Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>An unnamed <a title="Clade" href="/wiki/Clade">clade</a> contains:
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Gliridae" href="/wiki/Gliridae">Gliridae</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuroidea" href="/wiki/Sciuroidea">Sciuroidea</a> containing:
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Aplodontiidae" href="/wiki/Aplodontiidae">Aplodontiidae</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Sciuridae" href="/wiki/Sciuridae">Sciuridae</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" title="Myodonta" href="/wiki/Myodonta">Myodonta</a> includes:
<ul>
<li><a title="Dipodoidea" href="/wiki/Dipodoidea">Dipodoidea</a></li>
<li><a title="Muroidea" href="/wiki/Muroidea">Muroidea</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The positions of the <a title="Castoridae" href="/wiki/Castoridae">Castoridae</a>, <a title="Geomyoidea" href="/wiki/Geomyoidea">Geomyoidea</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Anomaluridae" href="/wiki/Anomaluridae">Anomaluridae</a>, and <a title="Pedetidae" href="/wiki/Pedetidae">Pedetidae</a> are still being debated.</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Monophyly or polyphyly?" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=7">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Monophyly_or_polyphyly.3F" class="mw-headline">Monophyly or polyphyly?</span></h3>
<p>In 1991, a paper submitted to <i><a class="mw-redirect" title="Nature magazine" href="/wiki/Nature_magazine">Nature</a></i> proposed that <a title="Caviomorpha" href="/wiki/Caviomorpha">caviomorphs</a> should be reclassified as a separate order (similar to <a title="Lagomorpha" href="/wiki/Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha</a>), based on an analysis of the <a title="Amino acid" href="/wiki/Amino_acid">amino acid</a> sequences of <a title="Guinea pig" href="/wiki/Guinea_pig">guinea pigs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis was refined in a 1992 paper, which asserted the possibility that caviomorphs may have diverged from <a title="Myomorpha" href="/wiki/Myomorpha">myomorphs</a> prior to later divergences of Myomorpha; this would mean caviomorphs, or possibly <a title="Hystricomorpha" href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha">hystricomorphs</a>, would be moved out of the rodent classification into a separate order.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> A minority scientific opinion briefly emerged arguing that <a title="Guinea pig" href="/wiki/Guinea_pig">guinea pigs</a>, <a title="Degu" href="/wiki/Degu">degus</a>, and other caviomorphs are not rodents,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> while several papers were put forward in support of rodent <a title="Monophyly" href="/wiki/Monophyly">monophyly</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> Subsequent studies published since 2002, using wider <a title="Taxon" href="/wiki/Taxon">taxon</a> and <a title="Gene" href="/wiki/Gene">gene</a> samples, have restored consensus among mammalian biologists that the order Rodentia is monophyletic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: References" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=8">edit</a>]</span> <span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span></h2>
<div style="column-count: 2; -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2;" class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2">
<div class="references">
<ol>
<li id="cite_note-rodent-encyclopedia-0">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rodent-encyclopedia_0-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rodent-encyclopedia_0-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-rodent.html">"rodent - Encyclopedia.com"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-rodent.html">http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-rodent.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-03</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=rodent+-+Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1E1-rodent.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/Animals/Rodents.htm">"Rodents: Gnawing Animals"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/Animals/Rodents.htm">http://www.kidport.com/RefLib/Science/Animals/Rodents.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-11-03</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rodents%3A+Gnawing+Animals&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kidport.com%2FRefLib%2FScience%2FAnimals%2FRodents.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Leirs H (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract">"The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger!"</a>. <i>Pest Manag Sci</i> <b>65</b> (4): 351–2. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fps.1718">10.1002/ps.1718</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19206089">19206089</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract">http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract</a></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Year+of+the+Rat+ends%3A+time+to+fight+hunger%21&rft.jtitle=Pest+Manag+Sci&rft.aulast=Meerburg+BG%2C+Singleton+GR%2C+Leirs+H&rft.au=Meerburg+BG%2C+Singleton+GR%2C+Leirs+H&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351%E2%80%932&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Fps.1718&rft_id=info:pmid/19206089&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F121686000%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837">"Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health"</a>. <i>Crit Rev Microbiol</i> <b>35</b> (3): 221–70. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10408410902989837">10.1080/10408410902989837</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548807">19548807</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837">http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837</a></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rodent-borne+diseases+and+their+risks+for+public+health&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Microbiol&rft.aulast=Meerburg+BG%2C+Singleton+GR%2C+Kijlstra+A&rft.au=Meerburg+BG%2C+Singleton+GR%2C+Kijlstra+A&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221%E2%80%9370&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10408410902989837&rft_id=info:pmid/19548807&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informahealthcare.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F10408410902989837&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Myers, Phil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rodentia.html">"Rodentia"</a>. <i>Animal Diversity Web</i>. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rodentia.html">http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Rodentia.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-05-25</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Rodentia&rft.atitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Myers%2C%26%2332%3BPhil&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Museum+of+Zoology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu%2Fsite%2Faccounts%2Finformation%2FRodentia.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/capybaras-hydrochaeridae">Capybaras (Hydrochaeridae): Information and Much More from Answers.com</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-Millien-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Millien_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Millien, Virginie (05 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/pg31525230323q27/?p=35f8c90fe97d44c9b32766e547837566&pi=0">"The largest among the smallest: the body mass of the giant rodent <i>Josephoartigasia monesi</i>"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> <b>1</b> (1646): -1. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0087">10.1098/rspb.2008.0087</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18495621">18495621</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2596365">2596365</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/pg31525230323q27/?p=35f8c90fe97d44c9b32766e547837566&pi=0">http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/pg31525230323q27/?p=35f8c90fe97d44c9b32766e547837566&pi=0</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-05-27</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+largest+among+the+smallest%3A+the+body+mass+of+the+giant+rodent+%27%27Josephoartigasia+monesi%27%27&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.aulast=Millien&rft.aufirst=Virginie&rft.au=Millien%2C%26%2332%3BVirginie&rft.date=05+2008&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1646&rft.pages=-1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2008.0087&rft_id=info:pmid/18495621&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fcontent%2Fpg31525230323q27%2F%3Fp%3D35f8c90fe97d44c9b32766e547837566%26pi%3D0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Rinderknecht-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rinderknecht_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Rinderknecht, Andrés; Blanco, R. Ernesto (01 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/34j867846u164624/fulltext.pdf">"The largest fossil rodent"</a> (pdf). <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> <b>275</b> (1637): 923–928. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1645">10.1098/rspb.2007.1645</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198140">18198140</a>. <a title="PubMed Central" href="/wiki/PubMed_Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2599941">2599941</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/34j867846u164624/fulltext.pdf">http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/34j867846u164624/fulltext.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-05-27</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+largest+fossil+rodent&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.aulast=Rinderknecht&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Rinderknecht%2C%26%2332%3BAndr%C3%A9s&rft.date=01+2008&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1637&rft.pages=923%E2%80%93928&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.1645&rft_id=info:pmid/18198140&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fcontent%2F34j867846u164624%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EoDP-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoDP_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Pearsall, J., ed (2002). <i>The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 10th ed. rev.</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 1,239. <a title="International Standard Book Number" href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number">ISBN</a> <a title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860572-2" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860572-2">0-19-860572-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+10th+ed.+rev.&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B1%2C239&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-860572-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Wines, Michael (2004-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/05/18/1084783512636.html">"Gambian rodents risk death for bananas"</a>. <i>The Age</i> (The Age Company Ltd.)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/05/18/1084783512636.html">http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/05/18/1084783512636.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-05-25</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gambian+rodents+risk+death+for+bananas&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Wines%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.date=2004-05-19&rft.pub=The+Age+Company+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2004%2F05%2F18%2F1084783512636.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> "A rat with a nose for landmines is doing its bit for humanity" Cited as coming from the New York Times in the article.</li>
<li id="cite_note-Douzery03-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Douzery03_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Douzery, E.J.P., F. Delsuc, M.J. Stanhope, and D. Huchon (2003). "Local molecular clocks in three nuclear genes: divergence times for rodents and other mammals and incompatibility among fossil calibrations". <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i> <b>57</b>: S201. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-003-0028-x">10.1007/s00239-003-0028-x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15008417">15008417</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Local+molecular+clocks+in+three+nuclear+genes%3A+divergence+times+for+rodents+and+other+mammals+and+incompatibility+among+fossil+calibrations&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.aulast=Douzery%2C+E.J.P.%2C+F.+Delsuc%2C+M.J.+Stanhope%2C+and+D.+Huchon&rft.au=Douzery%2C+E.J.P.%2C+F.+Delsuc%2C+M.J.+Stanhope%2C+and+D.+Huchon&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=S201&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs00239-003-0028-x&rft_id=info:pmid/15008417&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Li, W.; Hide, W.; Zharkikh, A.; Ma, D.; Graur, D. (1992). "'The molecular taxonomy and evolution of the guinea pig.'". <i>Journal of Heredity</i> <b>83</b> (3): 174–81. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1624762">1624762</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27The+molecular+taxonomy+and+evolution+of+the+guinea+pig.%27&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Li%2C%26%2332%3BW.&rft.au=Hide%2C%26%2332%3BW.&rft.au=Zharkikh%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Ma%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.au=Graur%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.date=1992&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=174%E2%80%9381&rft_id=info:pmid/1624762&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">D'Erchia, A.; Gissi, C.; Pesole, G.; Saccone, C.; Arnason, U. (1996). "'The guinea-pig is not a rodent.'". <i>Nature</i> <b>381</b> (6583): 597–600. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F381597a0">10.1038/381597a0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8637593">8637593</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27The+guinea-pig+is+not+a+rodent.%27&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=D%27Erchia&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=D%27Erchia%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Gissi%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=Pesole%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.au=Arnason%2C%26%2332%3BU.&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=381&rft.issue=6583&rft.pages=597%E2%80%93600&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F381597a0&rft_id=info:pmid/8637593&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Reyes, A.; Pesole, G.; Saccone, C. (2000). "'Long-branch attraction phenomenon and the impact of among-site rate variation on rodent phylogeny.'". <i>Gene</i> <b>259</b> (1-2): 177–87. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2800%2900438-8">10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00438-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11163975">11163975</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Long-branch+attraction+phenomenon+and+the+impact+of+among-site+rate+variation+on+rodent+phylogeny.%27&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Reyes%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Pesole%2C%26%2332%3BG.&rft.au=Saccone%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=259&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=177%E2%80%9387&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2800%2900438-8&rft_id=info:pmid/11163975&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Cao, Y.; Adachi, J.; Yano, T.; Hasegawa, M. (1994). "'Phylogenetic place of guinea pigs: No support of the rodent-polyphyly hypothesis from maximum-likelihood analyses of multiple protein sequences.'". <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>11</b> (4): 593–604. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8078399">8078399</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Phylogenetic+place+of+guinea+pigs%3A+No+support+of+the+rodent-polyphyly+hypothesis+from+maximum-likelihood+analyses+of+multiple+protein+sequences.%27&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Cao%2C%26%2332%3BY.&rft.au=Adachi%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Yano%2C%26%2332%3BT.&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=593%E2%80%93604&rft_id=info:pmid/8078399&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Kuma, K.; Miyata, T. (1994). "'Mammalian phylogeny inferred from multiple protein data.'". <i>Japanese Journal of Genetics</i> <b>69</b> (5): 555–66. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1266%2Fjjg.69.555">10.1266/jjg.69.555</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7999372">7999372</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Mammalian+phylogeny+inferred+from+multiple+protein+data.%27&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Genetics&rft.aulast=Kuma&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Kuma%2C%26%2332%3BK.&rft.au=Miyata%2C%26%2332%3BT.&rft.date=1994&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=555%E2%80%9366&rft_id=info:doi/10.1266%2Fjjg.69.555&rft_id=info:pmid/7999372&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Robinson-Rechavi, M.; Ponger, L.; Mouchiroud, D. (2000). "'Nuclear gene LCAT supports rodent monophyly.'". <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>17</b> (9): 1410–1412. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960041">10960041</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Nuclear+gene+LCAT+supports+rodent+monophyly.%27&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=Robinson-Rechavi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Robinson-Rechavi%2C%26%2332%3BM.&rft.au=Ponger%2C%26%2332%3BL.&rft.au=Mouchiroud%2C%26%2332%3BD.&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1410%E2%80%931412&rft_id=info:pmid/10960041&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Lin, Y-H; McLenachan, PA; Gore, AR; Phillips, MJ; Ota, R; Hendy, MD; Penny, D (2002). "Four new mitochondrial genomes and the increased stability of evolutionary trees of mammals from improved taxon sampling". <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>19</b> (12): 2060–2070. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446798">12446798</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Four+new+mitochondrial+genomes+and+the+increased+stability+of+evolutionary+trees+of+mammals+from+improved+taxon+sampling&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Y-H&rft.au=Lin%2C%26%2332%3BY-H&rft.au=McLenachan%2C%26%2332%3BPA&rft.au=Gore%2C%26%2332%3BAR&rft.au=Phillips%2C%26%2332%3BMJ&rft.au=Ota%2C%26%2332%3BR&rft.au=Hendy%2C%26%2332%3BMD&rft.au=Penny%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2060%E2%80%932070&rft_id=info:pmid/12446798&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> Carleton, Michael D., and Musser, Guy G. "Order Rodentia". <i>Mammal Species of the World</i>, 3rd edition, 2005, vol. 2, p. 745. (Concise overview of the literature)</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Further reading" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=9">edit</a>]</span> <span id="Further_reading" class="mw-headline">Further reading</span></h2>
<table style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img height="40" width="30" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" alt=""></td>
<td style="" class="mbox-text">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a title="commons:Category:Rodentia" class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rodentia">Rodentia</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;" class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img height="40" width="34" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" alt=""></td>
<td style="" class="mbox-text"><a title="Wikispecies" href="/wiki/Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to: <i><b><a title="wikispecies:Rodentia" class="extiw" href="http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rodentia">Rodentia</a></b></i></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul>
<li><span class="citation Journal">Adkins RM, Gelke R. M. E. L., Rowe D., Honeycutt R. L. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: Evidence from multiple genes". <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> <b>18</b> (5): 777–791. <a class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319262">11319262</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Molecular+phylogeny+and+divergence+time+estimates+for+major+rodent+groups%3A+Evidence+from+multiple+genes&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Adkins%26%2332%3BRM&rft.au=Gelke%26%2332%3BR.+M.+E.+L.&rft.au=Rowe%26%2332%3BD.&rft.au=Honeycutt%26%2332%3BR.+L.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=777%E2%80%93791&rft_id=info:pmid/11319262&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li>Carleton, M. D. and G. G. Musser. 2005. "Order Rodentia," pp. 745–752 in <i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.</li>
<li>David Lambert and the Diagram Group. <i>The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life.</i> New York: Facts on File Publications, 1985. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816011257">ISBN 0-8160-1125-7</a></li>
<li><span class="citation Journal">Leung, LKP; Cox, Peter G.; Jahn, Gary C.; Nugent, Robert (2002). "Evaluating rodent management with Cambodian rice farmers". <i>Cambodian Journal of Agriculture</i> <b>5</b>: 21–26.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluating+rodent+management+with+Cambodian+rice+farmers&rft.jtitle=Cambodian+Journal+of+Agriculture&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=LKP&rft.au=Leung%2C%26%2332%3BLKP&rft.au=Cox%2C%26%2332%3BPeter+G.&rft.au=Jahn%2C%26%2332%3BGary+C.&rft.au=Nugent%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=21%E2%80%9326&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li>McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. <i>Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level.</i> Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231110138">ISBN 0-231-11013-8</a></li>
<li>Nowak, R. M. 1999. <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i>, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.</li>
<li><span class="citation Journal">Steppan, S. J.; Adkins, R. A.; Anderson, J. (2004). "Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes". <i><a title="Systematic Biology" href="/wiki/Systematic_Biology">Systematic Biology</a></i> <b>53</b>: 533–553. <a title="Digital object identifier" href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F10635150490468701">10.1080/10635150490468701</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+divergence+date+estimates+of+rapid+radiations+in+muroid+rodents+based+on+multiple+nuclear+genes&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BSystematic+Biology%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Steppan&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Steppan%2C%26%2332%3BS.+J.&rft.au=Adkins%2C%26%2332%3BR.+A.&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=533%E2%80%93553&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F10635150490468701&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rodent" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li>
<li>University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP). 2007 "Rodentia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/rodentia/rodentia.html">[1]</a></li>
<li>Wilson, D. E. and D. M. Reeder, eds. 2005. <i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: External links" href="/w/index.php?title=Rodent&action=edit&section=10">edit</a>]</span> <span id="External_links" class="mw-headline">External links</span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.biodiversity.be/africanrodentia">Website on African rodentia</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flickr.com/photos/peromhc/sets/72157604976601269/">Rodent Photos</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/fasulo/vector/chapter_08.htm">Rodent Pests</a> chapter in <a title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a title="University of Florida" href="/wiki/University_of_Florida">University of Florida</a>/<a title="Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences" href="/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences">Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences</a> National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/life/can-hamsters-be-trained-not-to-gnaw-by-nadia-vella-of-hamster-club-551911/;_ylt=ApViaif0tCOuFd_0HxExXFNcbqU5">Can Rodents be trained not to gnaw?</a></li>
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<td colspan="2" style=";" class="navbox-abovebelow">Kingdom <a class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia" href="/wiki/Animalia">Animalia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Phylum <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata" href="/wiki/Chordata">Chordata</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Subphylum <a class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata" href="/wiki/Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> (unranked) <a title="Amniote" href="/wiki/Amniote">Amniota</a></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Monotreme" href="/wiki/Monotreme">Monotremata <small>(Platypus and echidnas)</small></a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Shrew opossum" href="/wiki/Shrew_opossum">Paucituberculata <small>(Shrew opossums)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Opossum" href="/wiki/Opossum">Didelphimorphia <small>(Opossums)</small></a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Microbiotheria" href="/wiki/Microbiotheria">Microbiotheria <small>(Monito del Monte)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Marsupial mole" href="/wiki/Marsupial_mole">Notoryctemorphia <small>(Marsupial moles)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Dasyuromorphia" href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia <small>(Quolls and dunnarts)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Peramelemorphia" href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia <small>(Bilbies and bandicoots)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Diprotodontia" href="/wiki/Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia <small>(Kangaroos and relatives)</small></a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Eutheria" href="/wiki/Eutheria">Eutheria</a><br>
<small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a class="mw-redirect" title="Placental" href="/wiki/Placental">Placental</a> inclusive)</span></span></small></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a title="Xenarthra" href="/wiki/Xenarthra">Xenarthra</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Armadillo" href="/wiki/Armadillo">Cingulata <small>(Armadillos)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Pilosa" href="/wiki/Pilosa">Pilosa <small>(Anteaters and sloths)</small></a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a title="Afrotheria" href="/wiki/Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Afrosoricida" href="/wiki/Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida <small>(Tenrecs and golden moles)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Elephant shrew" href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew">Macroscelidea <small>(Elephant shrews)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Aardvark" href="/wiki/Aardvark">Tubulidentata <small>(Aardvark)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Hyrax" href="/wiki/Hyrax">Hyracoidea <small>(Hyraxes)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Proboscidea" href="/wiki/Proboscidea">Proboscidea <small>(Elephants)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Sirenia" href="/wiki/Sirenia">Sirenia <small>(Dugongs and manatees)</small></a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a title="Laurasiatheria" href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Soricomorpha" href="/wiki/Soricomorpha">Soricomorpha <small>(Shrews and moles)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Erinaceidae" href="/wiki/Erinaceidae">Erinaceomorpha <small>(Hedgehogs and relatives)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Bat" href="/wiki/Bat">Chiroptera <small>(Bats)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Pangolin" href="/wiki/Pangolin">Pholidota <small>(Pangolins)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Carnivora" href="/wiki/Carnivora">Carnivora</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Odd-toed ungulate" href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate">Perissodactyla <small>(Odd-toed ungulates)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Even-toed ungulate" href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate">Artiodactyla <small>(Even-toed ungulates)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Cetacea" href="/wiki/Cetacea">Cetacea <small>(Whales and dolphins)</small></a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a title="Euarchontoglires" href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><strong class="selflink">Rodentia <small>(Rodents)</small></strong> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Lagomorpha" href="/wiki/Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha <small>(Rabbits and relatives)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Treeshrew" href="/wiki/Treeshrew">Scandentia <small>(Treeshrews)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Colugo" href="/wiki/Colugo">Dermoptera <small>(Colugos)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Primate" href="/wiki/Primate">Primates</a></div>
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<th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span style="" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a title="Template:Rodents" href="/wiki/Template:Rodents"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a title="Template talk:Rodents" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rodents"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Rodents&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;">e</span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size:110%;" class="">Extant families in order <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rodentia" href="/wiki/Rodentia">Rodentia</a></span></th>
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<td colspan="2" style=";" class="navbox-abovebelow">Kingdom: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia" href="/wiki/Animalia">Animalia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Phylum: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata" href="/wiki/Chordata">Chordata</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Class: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia" href="/wiki/Mammalia">Mammalia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Infraclass: <a title="Eutheria" href="/wiki/Eutheria">Eutheria</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Superorder: <a title="Euarchontoglires" href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></td>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Sciuromorpha" href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a><br>
<small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">("Squirrel-like")</span></span></small></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Mountain Beaver" href="/wiki/Mountain_Beaver">Aplodontiidae <small>(Mountain Beaver)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Dormouse" href="/wiki/Dormouse">Gliridae <small>(Dormice)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Squirrel" href="/wiki/Squirrel">Sciuridae <small>(Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs)</small></a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Castorimorpha" href="/wiki/Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a><br>
<small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">("Beaver-like")</span></span></small></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-redirect" title="Castoroidea" href="/wiki/Castoroidea">Castoroidea</a></b>: <a title="Castoridae" href="/wiki/Castoridae">Castoridae <small>(Beavers)</small></a><br>
<b><a title="Geomyoidea" href="/wiki/Geomyoidea">Geomyoidea</a></b>: <a title="Pocket gopher" href="/wiki/Pocket_gopher">Geomyidae <small>(Pocket gophers)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Heteromyidae" href="/wiki/Heteromyidae">Heteromyidae <small>(Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice)</small></a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Myomorpha" href="/wiki/Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a><br>
<small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">("Mouse-like")</span></span></small></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a title="Dipodoidea" href="/wiki/Dipodoidea">Dipodoidea</a></b>: <a title="Dipodidae" href="/wiki/Dipodidae">Dipodidae <small>(Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice)</small></a><br>
<b><a title="Muroidea" href="/wiki/Muroidea">Muroidea</a></b>: <a title="Platacanthomyidae" href="/wiki/Platacanthomyidae">Platacanthomyidae <small>(Oriental dormice)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Spalacidae" href="/wiki/Spalacidae">Spalacidae <small>(Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Mouse-like hamster" href="/wiki/Mouse-like_hamster">Calomyscidae <small>(Mouse-like hamsters)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Nesomyidae" href="/wiki/Nesomyidae">Nesomyidae <small>(Malagasy rats and relatives)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Cricetidae" href="/wiki/Cricetidae">Cricetidae <small>(Hamsters and relatives)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Muridae" href="/wiki/Muridae">Muridae <small>(House Mouse and relatives)</small></a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Anomaluromorpha" href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a><br>
<small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">("Anomalure-like")</span></span></small></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Anomalure" href="/wiki/Anomalure">Anomaluridae <small>(Anomalures)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Pedetidae" href="/wiki/Pedetidae">Pedetidae <small>(Springhares)</small></a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Hystricomorpha" href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a><br>
<small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal;">("Porcupine-like")</span></span></small></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Gundi" href="/wiki/Gundi">Ctenodactylidae <small>(Gundis)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Diatomyidae" href="/wiki/Diatomyidae">Diatomyidae <small>(Laotian Rock Rat)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Old World porcupine" href="/wiki/Old_World_porcupine">Hystricidae <small>(Old World porcupines)</small></a><br>
<b><a title="Phiomorpha" href="/wiki/Phiomorpha">Phiomorpha</a></b>: <a title="Blesmol" href="/wiki/Blesmol">Bathyergidae <small>(Blesmols)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Dassie Rat" href="/wiki/Dassie_Rat">Petromuridae <small>(Dassie Rat)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Cane rat" href="/wiki/Cane_rat">Thryonomyidae <small>(Cane rats)</small></a><br>
<b><a title="Caviomorpha" href="/wiki/Caviomorpha">Caviomorpha <small>(New World hystricognaths)</small></a></b>: <a title="New World porcupine" href="/wiki/New_World_porcupine">Erethizontidae <small>(New World porcupines)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Caviidae" href="/wiki/Caviidae">Caviidae <small>(Cavies)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Paca" href="/wiki/Paca">Cuniculidae <small>(Pacas)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Dasyproctidae" href="/wiki/Dasyproctidae">Dasyproctidae <small>(Agoutis and acouchis)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Dinomyidae" href="/wiki/Dinomyidae">Dinomyidae <small>(Pacarana)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Hutia" href="/wiki/Hutia">Capromyidae <small>(Hutias)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Tuco-tuco" href="/wiki/Tuco-tuco">Ctenomyidae <small>(Tuco-tucos)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Spiny rat" href="/wiki/Spiny_rat">Echimyidae <small>(Spiny rats)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Coypu" href="/wiki/Coypu">Myocastoridae <small>(Coypu, or nutria)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Octodontidae" href="/wiki/Octodontidae">Octodontidae <small>(Degus and relatives)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Chinchilla rat" href="/wiki/Chinchilla_rat">Abrocomidae <small>(Chinchilla rats)</small></a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Chinchillidae" href="/wiki/Chinchillidae">Chinchillidae <small>(Chinchillas and viscachas)</small></a></div>
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<th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span style="" class="noprint plainlinks navbar"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a title="Template:Prehistoric rodents" href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_rodents"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;">v</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a title="Template talk:Prehistoric rodents (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Prehistoric_rodents&action=edit&redlink=1"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;">d</span></a> <span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Prehistoric_rodents&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;">e</span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size:110%;" class="">Prehistoric families in order <a class="mw-redirect" title="Rodentia" href="/wiki/Rodentia">Rodentia</a></span></th>
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<td colspan="2" style=";" class="navbox-abovebelow">Kingdom: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia" href="/wiki/Animalia">Animalia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Phylum: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata" href="/wiki/Chordata">Chordata</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Class: <a class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia" href="/wiki/Mammalia">Mammalia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Infraclass: <a title="Eutheria" href="/wiki/Eutheria">Eutheria</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> Superorder: <a title="Euarchontoglires" href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></td>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Sciuromorpha" href="/wiki/Sciuromorpha">Sciuromorpha</a></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Allomyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Allomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Allomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Mylagaulidae" href="/wiki/Mylagaulidae">Mylagaulidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Reithroparamyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Reithroparamyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Reithroparamyidae</a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Castorimorpha" href="/wiki/Castorimorpha">Castorimorpha</a></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Eutypomyidae" href="/wiki/Eutypomyidae">Eutypomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Rhizospalax" href="/wiki/Rhizospalax">Rhizospalacidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Eomyidae" href="/wiki/Eomyidae">Eomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Florentiamyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Florentiamyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Florentiamyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Heliscomyidae" href="/wiki/Heliscomyidae">Heliscomyidae</a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Myomorpha" href="/wiki/Myomorpha">Myomorpha</a></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Armintomys" href="/wiki/Armintomys">Armintomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Anomalomyidae" href="/wiki/Anomalomyidae">Anomalomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Simimyidae" href="/wiki/Simimyidae">Simimyidae</a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Anomaluromorpha" href="/wiki/Anomaluromorpha">Anomaluromorpha</a></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Parapedetidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Parapedetidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Parapedetidae</a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><a title="Hystricomorpha" href="/wiki/Hystricomorpha">Hystricomorpha</a></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Tamquammyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Tamquammyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Tamquammyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Gobiomyidae" href="/wiki/Gobiomyidae">Gobiomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Yuomyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Yuomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Yuomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Chapattimyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Chapattimyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Chapattimyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Tsaganomyidae" href="/wiki/Tsaganomyidae">Tsaganomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> "<a title="Baluchimyinae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Baluchimyinae&action=edit&redlink=1">Baluchimyinae</a>" <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Bathyergoides" href="/wiki/Bathyergoides">Bathyergoididae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Myophiomyidae" href="/wiki/Myophiomyidae">Myophiomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Diamantomyidae" href="/wiki/Diamantomyidae">Diamantomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Phiomyidae" href="/wiki/Phiomyidae">Phiomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Kenyamyidae" href="/wiki/Kenyamyidae">Kenyamyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Cephalomyidae" href="/wiki/Cephalomyidae">Cephalomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Eocardiidae" href="/wiki/Eocardiidae">Eocardiidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Neoepiblemidae" href="/wiki/Neoepiblemidae">Neoepiblemidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Giant hutia" href="/wiki/Giant_hutia">Heptaxodontidae</a></div>
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<td style=";;" class="navbox-group"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><i><a title="Incertae sedis" href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis">incertae sedis</a></i></span></td>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a title="Eurymylidae" href="/wiki/Eurymylidae">Eurymylidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Alagomyidae" href="/wiki/Alagomyidae">Alagomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Archetypomys" href="/wiki/Archetypomys">Archetypomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Cocomyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Cocomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Cocomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Ivanantonia" href="/wiki/Ivanantonia">Ivanantoniidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Laredomyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Laredomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Laredomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Ischyromyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Ischyromyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Ischyromyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Theridomyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Theridomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Theridomyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Protoptychidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Protoptychidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Protoptychidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Zegdoumyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Zegdoumyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Zegdoumyidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Sciuravidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Sciuravidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Sciuravidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Cylindrodontidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Cylindrodontidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Cylindrodontidae</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a title="Zelomyidae (page does not exist)" class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=Zelomyidae&action=edit&redlink=1">Zelomyidae</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style=";" class="navbox-abovebelow">See also: <a title="Category:Prehistoric rodents" href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_rodents">Category</a></td>
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