Edit in JSFiddle

jQuery.expr[':'].green = function(elem, index, match) {
  return $(elem).css("background-color") === "rgb(0, 128, 0)";
};

function updateGreenElements(){
    var noGreenElems = $("*:green").length;
    $("#result").html(noGreenElems);
}

$("button").on("click", function(){
   $(this).prev().toggleClass("green");
   updateGreenElements();
});

updateGreenElements();
<p style="background-color: green">Hey there!</p>

<ul>
    <li>This is a list</li>
    <li>Of lots of iportant stuff</li>
    <li class="green">Really!</li>
</ul>

<p>A normal paragraph</p>
<p>You can click the button to toggle this one green</p>
<button>Click me!</button>

<p>The number of green elements on the page is: <span id="result"></span><p>
.green {
    background-color: green;
}